The most underrated math theorem but Google secretly used it to change the world.
Perron-Frobenius Theorem (positive matrix version):
Let A be an n×n matrix with every entry a_{ij} > 0. Then there exists a unique positive real number λ > 0 (the Perron root) and a unique (up to scaling) positive vector x > 0 such that:
A x = λ x
Moreover:
λ = ρ(A) (spectral radius of A)
λ > |μ| for every other eigenvalue μ
λ is simple (algebraic multiplicity = 1)
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