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In 1976, people in Circleville, Ohio, began receiving anonymous letters written in block capitals. Many went to Mary Gillispie, a school bus driver, and accused her of an affair with a school official. The writer claimed to be watching her house.
In August 1977, her husband Ron Gillispie left home after a phone call, apparently to confront the letter writer. His truck ran off the road and hit a tree. His gun had been fired once. His death was ruled an accident.
The letters continued and spread to hundreds of residents, officials and businesses across the county.
In 1983, Mary stopped at a roadside sign that insulted her daughter. Behind it was a pistol rigged to fire at anyone who pulled the sign down. The gun was traced to Paul Freshour, her former brother-in-law.
Freshour was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to seven to twenty-five years. A handwriting expert testified that he had written the letters.
The letters did not stop. They kept arriving while he was locked up, including one sent to Freshour himself in prison.
He was paroled in 1994, and the letters tapered off around the same time. He denied any involvement until his death in 2012. The writer has never been identified.
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Between February 1964 and February 1965, the bodies of six women were found in or near the River Thames in west London. All had worked as prostitutes, all were found undressed, and most appeared to have suffocated rather than to have died of obvious violence.
The victims were Hannah Tailford, Irene Lockwood, Helen Barthelemy, Mary Fleming, Frances Brown and Bridget O'Hara. Two earlier deaths, in 1959 and 1963, are sometimes linked to the same man.
Newspapers called him Jack the Stripper, and the killings became known as the Hammersmith nude murders.
Forensic scientists found tiny flecks of spray paint on several of the bodies. The particles were traced to a covered area near a paint workshop on an industrial estate in Acton, which suggested the killer had kept the women there before moving them.
Scotland Yard, under Chief Superintendent John Du Rose, interviewed thousands of men and watched the area at night. After O'Hara, the killings stopped.
Du Rose later said his leading suspect had taken his own life, but the man was never named in court and the claim has been disputed by other researchers.
No one was charged, and much of the original evidence has since been lost or destroyed.
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Kitty Genovese, twenty-eight, was attacked outside her apartment building in Kew Gardens, Queens, in the early hours of March 13, 1964. Winston Moseley stabbed her, fled when a neighbor shouted from a window, then returned about ten minutes later and found her in a back hallway, where he attacked her again. She died on the way to hospital.
Two weeks later, the New York Times ran a report stating that thirty-seven people had watched the murder and not called the police. It became one of the best-known stories in American journalism, taught in psychology courses as the origin of the bystander effect.
Most of it does not hold up. Later reporting and a 2007 review published in American Psychologist found no evidence that 38 people witnessed the attack or that those who noticed something understood what they were hearing. The layout of the buildings meant almost no one could see the second attack. At least two neighbors did contact the police, and a woman came down and held Genovese as she was dying.
In 2016, the Times acknowledged that its original account had greatly exaggerated the witnesses. Moseley, serving life, died in prison that same year.
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