From the water, Ikaria looked dead. A long, dark ridge heaved out of the Aegean like the keel of a wrecked ship. No harbor lamps. No chimney smoke. No whitewashed village clinging to the shore. A corsair scanning that coastline in the 1600s would have sworn the island had been emptied, and that was exactly the point. Piracy was older than the navies sent to kill it. For centuries the Mediterranean had been a hunting ground. In 67 BCE Rome finally handed the problem to Pompey, who carved the sea into sectors and hunted the fleets that had been strangling grain ships and coastal towns. He won, for a while. The Greek islands, scattered and poorly defended, remained perfect refuges, and perfect targets. Ikaria paid the price again and again. Just offshore, the maze of coves around Fourni, also called Phourni, made an ideal staging post. Raiders could lie unseen, watch the lanes between Samos and the Anatolian coast, then strike. When the sails appeared, the people of Ikaria did not form a fortress. They vanished. They left the beaches and climbed. High in the Aetheras range the island itself offered a kind of architecture. Granite slabs the size of houses lay tilted across the slopes, forming natural roofs. A family needed only to close the open sides with one or two dry-stone walls and the mountain had swallowed them. These dwellings, later called anti-pirate houses, were almost invisible until you were standing on top of them. From the sea they were nothing. From a neighboring ridge they were still nothing. You had to be close enough to touch the stone before a door appeared. For much of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the island seemed uninhabited. Travelers recorded an overturned ship of rock and silence. Behind that silence a whole society was living on the opposite schedule of the world below. The houses stayed one story and lower than the boulder that hid them. There were no chimneys. Smoke is a confession. A thin gray thread against a blue sky can be read from miles away. Cooking happened by day, if at all, and the smoke was let out through a shifted stone rather than a stack. After dark the islanders moved, talked, and worked by starlight and memory. They kept no dogs. A bark carries farther than a voice, and a bark is an invitation. Lookouts watched the approaches. When pirates did claw their way inland, rare, exhausting work on those paths, they found the rooms already empty. A few rags. A cracked pot. Nothing worth the climb. The people had melted into further folds of rock, or into the night. It was a strategy of poverty as much as of stone. The best defense against greed is to own almost nothing a raider can carry. Ikarians grew what they needed on scattered terraces, kept goats, made honey, and treated the mountain as both wall and pantry. They did not cluster into a single target. Houses stood apart, each with its own plot, so that a village was not a village until you already knew it was there. The pirate era lasted, in one form or another, for some three hundred years. Only in the early nineteenth century, when the raids finally ebbed, did people drift back toward the coast. Here is the strange part of all that hiding. The same island that taught its children to live without fire, without dogs, without being seen, became famous as one of the places on earth where people forget to die. One in three Ikarians reaches ninety. A striking number pass a hundred. Researchers later talked about wild greens, wine, walking, and unhurried time. A people who spent centuries disappearing into granite learned how to live small, close to the ground, and a very long time. The houses are still there. You can walk past one and never know, until the rock overhead becomes a ceiling and a low doorway opens in what you took for a cliff. That was the whole trick. The island was never empty. It had only learned, better than almost anywhere else in the Aegean, how not to be found.

Reminder: the Crusades were a response to over 400 years of Islamic aggression against Christians and Europe. 632: Muhammad dies. 635: Muslims conquer the Christian city of Damascus. 636: Muslims conquer the Christian city of Antioch. 637: Muslims conquer the Holy Land. 639: Muslims conquer the first Christian country Armenia. 641: Muslims conquer the Coptic Christian country of Egypt. 650: Muslim armies reach southern Italy and Cyprus, taking thousands of captives as "slaves" and "concubines." 711: Muslims invade Spain, and by 715, they have occupied most of it. 717: Muslims besiege Constantinople but are repelled. 730: Muslims invade France, only to be stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. 792: The ruler of Al-Andalus calls for the invasion of France, and Muslim armies are assembled to attack it again, but they are repelled. 827: Muslims invade Sicily and Italy, persecuting monks. Sicily remains under Islamic rule until 1092. 846: Muslims invade Rome and force the Pope to pay tribute. 848: A third invasion of France occurs, and they are repelled for a third time. 909: Muslims occupy Sardinia. 937: The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is burned down by Muslims, and more churches in Jerusalem are destroyed. 1009: Destruction of the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem. 1012: Beginning of al-Hakim’s oppressive decrees against Christians. 1071: Turkish Muslims attack the Byzantines and occupy much of Anatolia. 1094: Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos asks Western Christendom for help against the Muslim Turkish invasions. 1095: Pope Urban II finally declares the First Crusade.