Tentative bottom line: ATP synthase dimer angles could become a powerful structural biomarker of mitochondrial health. If cardiolipin composition influences ATP synthase geometry, and that geometry influences cristae architecture, measuring dimer angles could provide a readout of mitochondrial structural integrity that conventional protein-abundance measurements miss. The 2025 study makes this particularly interesting: simulated healthy cardiolipin membranes produced ATP synthase dimer angles of approximately 73° versus 65° in Barth syndrome-like membranes.

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