Between 1820 and 1900, real GDP per capita in the United States grew eightfold. No welfare state. No central bank. No income tax. The federal government consumed less than 3% of GDP for most of that period, and the results speak for themselves. Secure property rights, contract enforcement, and a commodity-backed dollar created the conditions where capital formation exploded. Entrepreneurs knew that what they built, they kept. John D. Rockefeller drove kerosene prices from 58 cents per gallon in 1865 to under 8 cents by 1885, delivering affordable light to millions of ordinary households, not through government mandate but through relentless productive competition. Real wages for manufacturing workers doubled between 1860 and 1890. Immigration surged because workers across Europe calculated, correctly, that their labor earned more in Philadelphia or Pittsburgh than anywhere in the old world. Markets made that signal clear. Critics point to inequality, child labor, and dangerous working conditions, ignoring that mass poverty preceded industrial capitalism. Andrew Carnegie's Pittsburgh was brutal, but it was also dramatically better than the subsistence farming the workers' grandparents had endured. The railroad network grew from 9,000 miles in 1850 to over 160,000 miles by 1890, financed almost entirely by private capital once you exclude the genuinely corrupt land-grant subsidies, which free market thinkers condemned at the time. State intervention produced scandals; private lines produced the freight. Minimal government produced the fastest sustained material improvement in recorded human history to that point.