Note the divergence in the chart below between the models that include rates and the one that doesn’t. You can also clearly spot previous bubbles, including 1987, 2000, and 2021, when none of the P/E multiple at the time could be explained by these three variables. We are not there today, provided margins and credit spreads hold up (which they are). The point of the chart is to highlight how damaging rising rates can be if they are not offset by growing earnings.