Thomas Jipping, a Senior Legal Fellow in AAF’s Edwin Meese III Institute for the Rule of Law, said: “These decisions follow naturally from the Court’s earlier rulings in gender-related cases. Society, culture, and law have always acknowledged the biological fact that males and females are different in meaningful ways. Neither the Constitution nor federal statutes require that states ignore this fact or that they must embrace an ideology that denies reality, violates deeply held values and beliefs, and undermines the rights of parents.” Hans von Spokovsky, a Senior Legal Fellow and former Counsel to the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Justice, added: “This is a vital decision upholding the civil rights of girls and women to freely, safely, and fairly compete in athletic competition without being injured by male athletes or cheated out of sports scholarships that provide them with educational opportunities.”