Japan is also the best natural experiment ever run on MMR and autism. A total population study in Yokohama tracked every child born from 1988 to 1996. Children born in 1993 or later got zero MMR doses. Autism incidence in those cohorts was 97 to 161 per 10,000, roughly double the 48 to 86 in the earlier cohorts that received MMR. Autism kept rising after the withdrawal, on the same trajectory as every country that kept vaccinating. 33 years later, Japan's national insurance data show 3.26% of children born in 2014 diagnosed with autism by age 5, among the highest rates reported anywhere. None of those children received an MMR. The one country that eliminated MMR has the same autism rate as the countries that kept it. 3/