Reminder: the Crusades were a response to over 400 years of Islamic aggression against Christians and Europe. 632: Muhammad dies. 635: Muslims conquer the Christian city of Damascus. 636: Muslims conquer the Christian city of Antioch. 637: Muslims conquer the Holy Land. 639: Muslims conquer the first Christian country Armenia. 641: Muslims conquer the Coptic Christian country of Egypt. 650: Muslim armies reach southern Italy and Cyprus, taking thousands of captives as "slaves" and "concubines." 711: Muslims invade Spain, and by 715, they have occupied most of it. 717: Muslims besiege Constantinople but are repelled. 730: Muslims invade France, only to be stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. 792: The ruler of Al-Andalus calls for the invasion of France, and Muslim armies are assembled to attack it again, but they are repelled. 827: Muslims invade Sicily and Italy, persecuting monks. Sicily remains under Islamic rule until 1092. 846: Muslims invade Rome and force the Pope to pay tribute. 848: A third invasion of France occurs, and they are repelled for a third time. 909: Muslims occupy Sardinia. 937: The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is burned down by Muslims, and more churches in Jerusalem are destroyed. 1009: Destruction of the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem. 1012: Beginning of al-Hakim’s oppressive decrees against Christians. 1071: Turkish Muslims attack the Byzantines and occupy much of Anatolia. 1094: Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos asks Western Christendom for help against the Muslim Turkish invasions. 1095: Pope Urban II finally declares the First Crusade.

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