#MajorHeat# arrives with bright skies, deep green trees, and the full warmth of summer on #PKUCampus#. As the summer break continues, may these long days bring rest, discovery, and new inspiration. #PKUCalendar# #24SolarTerms#

WE MUST ADDRESS THE CLIMATE CRISIS The last 11 years have been the hottest 11 years on record. The last three years have been the hottest three years on record. 2026 will be one of the warmest years on record, and most scientists believe 2027 will be the warmest year in recorded history. This past year, Europe has seen four major heat waves, including the continent’s worst heat wave ever that killed more than 10,000 people. In the United States, three extreme heat waves exposed hundreds of millions of people to dangerous levels of heat. Drought is causing some of the lowest water levels ever seen for reservoirs along the Colorado River, threatening the drinking water of 40 million people. Puerto Ricans are being forced to ration water because of extreme drought. In Europe, some of the continent’s dryest conditions have caused major rivers to run so low that ships are running aground, nuclear power plants are shutting down, and historical artifacts that were previously submerged are being revealed. South Korea is in the midst of a record heat wave — with temperatures reaching 108.5° Fahrenheit, the highest temperature in the country’s history. China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan are all experiencing torrential rain and flooding. As a result of rising heat levels, we are seeing massive wildfires across the world, including Oregon’s worst wildfire season and fires in Washington state that have forced nearly 65,000 families to evacuate. Europe, France and Spain are experiencing destructive wildfire seasons that have forced more than 330,000 people to evacuate their homes. Portugal, Greece, Italy, Albania, Turkey, Canada, Morocco and Algeria are also experiencing destructive wildfire seasons. This summer alone,Alaska, Louisiana, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and West Virginia have all seen record rainfall events. We’ve seen 1,000-year floods in Texas, Missouri and New York. Once rare, dangerous flash flooding emergencies are now a regular part of summer for tens of millions of Americans. One might think that, in the midst of all of this, there would be major discussions in Congress as to how best to go forward in addressing this existential crisis. Not the case. Insanely, the president of the United States continues to believe that climate change is a “hoax,” and Republican members of Congress are following their “Great Leader” over the cliff. Sadly, too many Democrats think that speaking out on climate change is “bad politics” and have remained far too silent. That has got to change. The simple truth is that we must forcefully take on the greed of the fossil fuel industry and the stupidity of Trump. The simple truth is that we can create millions of good-paying union jobs transforming our energy systems away from fossil fuels and into energy efficiency and sustainable energy. For the sake of our kids, future generations and the habitability of the planet,that is exactly what we must do.

In hardware, pioneering innovation often leaves you without a supply chain. There are no suppliers, no vendors at the ready, for radically different architectures. We spent 3 years building a heat sink and cooling system. Our wafer is about 58 times larger than the largest GPU. There were no components in any catalogues ready for a wafer scale chip. The heat sinks on the market were built to cool chips 1/58th our size drawing 1/50th the power. We went to every major heat sink vendor. The answers were always the same. “You need a 46,000^m2 heat sink for 15KW of power for a chip?" "We've got nothing for you." So we built it ourselves. It took 3 years. 2016 to 2019. We went through dozens of iterations. JP one of our co-founders and chief system architect insisted we go to water cooling. I thought it was a bad idea. At the time, we knew nothing about liquid cooling. One of the hyperscalers told us categorically that they would never use water to cool. JP convinced me. We delivered one of the first production AI systems to use water cooling. Google announced its TPUs would be water-cooled around the same time. The nay-saying hyperscaler is now nearly 100% water cooled. NVIDIAs leading GPUs are now, 7 years later, water cooled. We became a world leader in liquid cooling - from knowing nothing about it. And we are still the only people who can cool a chip our size. We can run our wafer scale engine cooler than GPUs. And they are therefore more reliable. As heat is the enemy of electronics. When you do radical innovation, there are no vendors waiting to sell you a part. You have to inspire them to build something that's never existed, or do it yourself.

It's #MinorHeat#! Summer break is here, and #PKUCampus# is settling into a slower pace under bright skies and warm sunshine. Wishing everyone a season filled with rest, discovery, and sunny days ahead. #PKUCalendar# #24SolarTerms#