I updated my 2023 roadmap diagram to overlay where the items that were there sit in the current Strawmap ( ). In general, a lot of overlap, but: * Some things got reshuffled in order (eg. quantum safety up-prioritized) * Some things deprioritized (eg. VDFs; many EVM improvements) * Some things replaced with superior constructions (eg. Verkle -> unified BT -> PBT; state expiry -> new state types) What's most striking, however, is that some completely new things are in the strawmap that are NOT in this diagram, because they were not in the 2023 roadmap at all. These reflect changing priorities. Notably: * First-class attention to strong privacy. This covers: keyed nonces and recent roots, aspects of FOCIL, lean privacy pool & wormholes * Aggressive scaling in the context of post-quantum. This covers: leanSPHINCS signatures and aggregation, zkzk frames (see ) * Lean-ification of the spec, to assist in formal verification (full FV of everything is only possible because of modern AI) * Blob and gas futures (this idea just didn't exist back in 2023) * Native rollups (SNARKs were nowhere near mature enough to even consider this back in 2023) * A more open design space for the "future of the EVM". zkzk frames already implies that the protocol will expose to users some ISA that's not the EVM - current leading candidates are leanISA and RISC-V. These ISAs are more simple, modern and efficient than the EVM. Once they're there, why not expose them to developers everywhere? (And then, why not turn the EVM into being an IR on top of that ISA, instead of an enshrined feature massively complicating the base protocol?) Though much of the deeper exploration here is too early even for the strawmap. * New state types are not just a replacement for expiry, they're a fundamentally different paradigm to how Ethereum does scaling A common theme in scaling, found in both state types and zkzk frames (both new ideas), is that instead of trying to maximally scale ALL ethereum activity, we try to create specialized mechanisms that have more restrictive properties that make them more scaling-friendly, while supporting the heaviest loads incurred by users and applications today (eg. token transfers, swaps) and tomorrow (eg. privacy protocols). The other common theme is treating STARKs and AI-accelerated FV as first-class objects, that we are okay betting the technical future of Ethereum on. There are recursive STARKs in many layers of the protocol, one particular primitive (the "aggregate to union verified dependencies" primitive) is expected to be used in *three* places in the protocol: EL, CL and DL. This can only be safe with formal verification, which is itself only feasible with modern AI tools. In general, many steps forward in maturity. And a huge amount of hard work by many dozens of Ethereum researchers and developers on all of these features. Ethereum will be quantum-safe. Ethereum will put users' privacy first. Ethereum will be secure. Ethereum will be censorship-resistant. Ethereum will be highly performant and scalable while satisfying the above. And Ethereum will be Lean.

General Relativity Keeps Revealing Unexpected Spacetime Geometries That Go Far Beyond Everyday Intuition. In 1988, Kip Thorne and Michael Morris described a traversable Wormhole geometry that strangely connects two distant regions of Spacetime without an event horizon or central singularity. No traversable Wormhole has ever been observed. Within General Relativity, though, these solutions are mathematically valid if Spacetime is supported by exotic stress-energy that violates classical energy conditions. It's a solution Einstein’s field equations allow, but nature has not confirmed. #Einstein# #GeneralRelativity# #Wormholes# #Spacetime# #Physics# #Relativity#

lowercase snarks Words like laser, scuba, radar began uppercase. LASER — Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation SCUBA — Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus RADAR — RAdio Detection And Ranging When a technology matures and becomes reliable, trusted, commoditised, it earns the lowercase. Lean Ethereum is a bet on snarks, not Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge. Post-quantum security. Provable soundness. End-to-end formal verification. Deep cryptanalysis. Real-time proving. zkVM programmability. Simplicity and elegance. All essential for the lowercase. All inevitable. Ethereum L1 has 10y uptime and $1T secured with hashes and signatures, our cryptographic workhorses. I believe in 100y uptime and $1Q secured with snarks, our cryptographic jet engines. * L1 scale — 10K TPS gigagas scale with real-time zkEVMs * L1 security — post-quantum security with snarked signatures * L1 privacy — Zcash-grade stealth with wormholes (eg EIP-7503) Shipping snarks is a cryptographic Manhattan Project, one the EF is investing tens of millions into: * verified-zkevm[.]org — formal verification * poseidon-initiative[.]info — deep cryptanalysis * ethproofs[.]org — real-time proving * proximityprize[.]org — provable soundness * zkevm.ethereum[.]foundation — enshrinement * pse[.]dev — privacy Step by step, the EF is evolving into a snark-first org: * cryptography team — driving soundness and cryptanalysis * snarkification team — driving formal verification * zkEVM team — driving protocol integration * Ethproofs team — driving real-time proving * PSE team — driving privacy * PQ consensus team — soon™ Believe in something magical. Believe in lowercase snarks.

Wormhole and @Cardano_CF are hosting an X Space AMA to discuss Wormhole's proposal to deploy cross-chain infrastructure on Cardano — and answer your questions before the community votes. 🗓️Monday, June 8th at 9 AM ET. Set a reminder. ↓

Wormhole delivers flexibility and simplicity in a decentralized ecosystem, without compromising security. SECURITY IS NOT A CHOICE. The timeline is surfacing longstanding design criticisms that led to the LayerZero exploit: insecure defaults, centralization for operational convenience, and lack of circuit breakers. Wormhole’s architecture is built to address these exact security failures. Wormhole has two cross-chain token transfer products: - NTT, the configurable token framework that powers products like @sunrise and is trusted by institutions and organizations like Apollo, Ripple, Solana, Monad, and M0. - WTT, the interconnected token bridge that has enabled billions of value transfer across major ecosystems like Solana, Ethereum, Base, and Sui. By default, Wormhole requires a decentralized network of 19 independent Guardian validators running in-house RPC nodes to come to 2/3 + 1 supermajority consensus (13/19) to approve cross-chain transfers. NTT and WTT have two additional defense-in-depth security features: rate limiting and on-chain accounting. - Rate Limiting: Asset issuers building on NTT can set their own on-chain rate limits to detect and delay unexpected cross-chain transfers. Wormhole’s Guardians set the rate limits for WTT based on recommendations and analysis from Wormhole’s security team @asymmetric_re. -On-chain Accounting: Cross-chain transfers are first sent to an on-chain accounting system that limits withdrawals to the maximum supply minted to a chain. This feature could have substantially limited the blast radius of the rsETH exploit. Wormhole contributors operate multiple internal and external off-chain monitoring and alerting systems and continue to ship new security features. As exploits become more sophisticated and are assisted by increasingly advanced AI tools, critical blockchain infrastructure must advance at an even faster pace and be built with multiple and robust layers of defense. Hard-earned lessons have shaped how Wormhole operates: stronger defaults, hardened systems, and a relentless focus on security.

5/ Securitize will leverage @wormhole as its official interoperability partner, allowing HLSCOPE tokens to move seamlessly across blockchains. This improves accessibility, interoperability, and potential liquidity for tokenized private markets, subject to eligibility, offering terms, and regulatory restrictions.

Some may be aware that Wormhole brought a wrapped version of UNI to Solana some time ago. It became the go-to for many people looking to get exposure to UNI on Solana, and it's still in circulation. The industry has been moving away from bridge-issued wrapped tokens for structural reasons. Natively minted assets have configurable rate limits, proper on-chain accounting, and no single bridge sitting as a dependency at the asset layer. The version @sunrise just launched via Wormhole NTT is the canonical UNI on Solana. It is natively minted and built on infrastructure that has settled over $70B in cross-chain volume. The shift from bridge-issued wrapped tokens to natively minted assets is well underway, and this listing is part of it.

Sunrise is Solana’s asset gateway, incubated by Wormhole Labs. Canonical issuance, deep liquidity, and full ecosystem distribution from day one. Crypto assets, tokenized stocks, commodities, and RWAs. No fragmented liquidity. No competing wrapped versions. 👇