$LITE CEO Michael Hurlston says replacing a circuit board's copper traces with optics means a 1000x more optical lanes, though he doesn't expect it before 2029, and that disaggregating HBM from the GPU will need optical interconnect too. "Yeah, this is literally a thousand X. So we go one, ten, hundred, thousand. So it's a massive, massive market. And this is exactly what you're describing." "So on a printed circuit board, on a PCB itself, you have the need now for the same reasons, the resistance of copper on the printed circuit board, the distance over which high bandwidth data needs to travel." "You have a need to replace the copper traces that sit on a printed circuit board with optics." "And so what we've seen from our customers, again, it's not next year, it's not the year after, it's probably 2029 before we start to see this, but even in the high bandwidth memory, where you've covered one of the memory bottlenecks right now, and one of the problems is you have memory stacked in stack die configuration with the compute, with an NVIDIA GPU or a TPU, what have you, and people are looking to disaggregate that for cost reasons." "And when you do that, now the bandwidth, right, between the memory and the compute block is so high that you want to use optical interconnect rather than copper."