To make this actually testable in the future, here’s my bar for affordable Level 5: • ≤$30k to buy (cheap new car), or <$0.65/occupied mile as a robotaxi • No geofence, remote operator, or special infrastructure • No dependence on GPS or centimeter-accurate HD maps — a normal map + onboard perception should be enough • Drives anywhere on Earth that a competent human can reasonably drive • Handles weather, poor markings, construction, closures, crowded streets, events, pedestrians, cyclists, hand signals, police directing traffic, and informal negotiation with humans • Handles novel situations and bad/outdated maps • Completes the whole trip: pickup/dropoff, rerouting, pulling over, parking, and recovering when things go wrong • Never needs a human to take over That’s the bar I think is still 5-10 years away.