Robotics deep dive: WHY JAPAN LOST THE HUMANOID LEAD Honda began humanoid research in 1986. P2 walked unaided in December 1996, the first bipedal robot to do it without a tether. ASIMO arrived in November 2000, 120cm and 43kg, down from P3's 160cm and 130kg. Nobody could ever buy one. That is the pattern, and it repeats across all three programmes. Sony's QRIO was developed, marketed and never sold. On 26 January 2006, inside Howard Stringer's restructuring, Sony ended AIBO and stopped QRIO in the same announcement. Toyota's first humanoid, unveiled in 2004, played the trumpet; it performed at the 2005 Aichi Expo. ASIMO's seventh and last generation shipped in 2011. Development stopped in 2018, reported by Nikkei, NHK and Kyodo rather than announced as a product decision. Then March 2011, iRobot announced on the 18th that it was sending PackBots and Warriors to Fukushima Daiichi. American PackBots went into the reactor buildings in April. Quince, built by Chiba Institute of Technology, Tohoku University and the International Rescue System Institute, got inside in June, two months later. The version that circulates is that Japan had no robots. That part is wrong: JAERI had built a radiation-hardened machine after the 1999 Tokai criticality accident and it was on site. Japan's machines had never been proven in the field, because Japanese makers are barred from exporting military robots, while PackBot and Talon had spent a decade in Iraq and Afghanistan. Japan's transmit-power limits did not lift for the emergency either. Procurement, export control and radio spectrum. None of that is an engineering failure. SCHAFT, a University of Tokyo spinout, won the DARPA Trials in December 2013 with 27 points, three weeks after Google bought it for a reported $20M. It did not compete in the June 2015 finals, won by Korea's Team KAIST. Alphabet closed SCHAFT in November 2018 after failing to find a buyer. Honda's Takahide Yoshiike wrote the epitaph himself: "instead of getting hung up on developing ASIMO as a perfect package of all functions, we would like to provide value to society as soon as possible by focusing first on individual functions." Japan kept the part that had customers. Nabtesco puts its own share of the precision reduction gears inside medium and large robot joints at about 60%. The demonstrations left, the gearboxes stayed.