Citi: HBM Demand Outlook
> Massive Market Growth: Total HBM demand is projected to surge exponentially, jumping from just 736 (1Gb eq.) in 2021 to a staggering 126,990 by 2028.
> Nvidia Dominates Demand: Nvidia remains the primary driver of HBM consumption, expected to account for 40,939 out of the 126,990 total demand by 2028 (roughly 32%), down from ~40% in 2025.
> Strong Cloud & Tech Player Adoption: Broadcom, Google, AMD, and AWS show sharp upward trajectories, with Broadcom experiencing massive scaling to reach 41,003 by 2028.
> Rapid Technological Transitions: HBM4 12hi and HBM4e scaling heavily through 2027 and 2028.
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