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Kenneth Stanley
@kenneth0stanley
SVP of Open-Endedness @LilaSciences. Prev: Maven CEO, Lead@OpenAI, Uber AI, prof@UCF. NEAT,HyperNEAT,novelty search, POET. Book:Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned
1.1K Following    17K Followers
I like this article in MIT Tech Review South Korea. It covered many important topics, and allowed me to describe what I feel like is a new type of RL that is only recently possible, yet powerful. Curious to hear what everyone thinks of my answers.
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I'm building Scientific Superintelligence at @LilaSciences so that we can cure all diseases This requires self-play against reality, where an AI agent can formulate hypotheses, design and execute experiments, and refine its reasoning through empirical feedback If you're interested in working together on this, DM me the coolest thing you've built or discovered
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Turning to open-ended innovation as the next frontier for AI makes a lot of sense, I commend @arcprize for moving in this direction, but I’m very curious how they will conceive a “benchmark” for “open-endedness,” two words that seem almost antithetical to each other. In fact, one likely reason that open-ended innovation has lagged behind other areas of AI is how fundamentally resistant it is to benchmarking. Now that doesn’t necessarily mean there’s no hope for an imaginative approach. Attempts at measuring open-endedness go back to Bedau’s activity statistics in the field of artificial life, Several colleagues and I later introduced a measure called “ANNECS — Accumulated Number of Novel Environments Created and Solved” in our paper on Enhanced POET. That’s not an exhaustive list. But there’s never been the kind of benchmark where you can just easily put any systems seamlessly head to head, and there are enormous pitfalls if you get wrong. After all, if “open-ended innovation” ends up equated to “solving a prescribed.hard problem in a creative way” then you risk actually rewarding the opposite of open-endedness, which needs to account for the fact that deciding the “problem” or objective is part of the job of the open-ended system itself. And also, perhaps even more prohibitively for benchmarking, that a key aspect of open-endedness is to be intelligent when you don’t have a defined objective or problem at all! How can that be benchmarked? I still think it’s great that ARC Prize is bringing attention to this part of AI space, and I’d be happy to connect and exchange thoughts on how to get it right if that could be useful.
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ARC-AGI-4 will be a benchmark for autonomous open-ended innovation. It will continue our commitment to open-source, giving the research community a shared target for progress that benefits all of humanity. Despite rapid model progress, humans still significantly outperform AI at open-ended invention. This is the meta-skill that unlocks progress across every field of technology. Advanced AI capable of scientific innovation will lead to tremendous new technology, knowledge, and understanding. This is a positive-sum future. We are deeply committed to advancing it. Open source is the foundation for that progress. The knowledge behind frontier AI, not just the technology itself, should be broadly distributed among researchers, academics, and organizations. Any coordinated effort by the AI industry to reduce openness or concentrate access to frontier AI would undermine that positive-sum future. We are committed to advancing a future where everyone can contribute to and benefit from AI progress.
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Can self-interested, self-improving, self-replicating agents learn to cooperate? Our new paper, Tapes Together Strong, shows they can: when social behavior, computation, and reproduction share one energy budget, cooperation evolves from scratch. 🧵
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Long ago, philosophers, sadhus, and sufis all arrived at the same conclusion: The destination is only as good as the journey.
There’s something really interesting about the field of mathematics coming to the insight that the path is more important than the destination, which is clearly related to the insight that Fractured Entangled Representation (FER) in neural networks results from taking a bad path to a high-performing destination. Massively scaled AI is teaching us something deep about the importance of the path you take as opposed to the place you end up. This theme will be increasingly powerful as it washes over every field.
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I am incredibly privileged to work with this remarkable team at LILA on such an important, exciting mission I’m especially grateful to Ken for bringing us together around a philosophy that shapes what we pursue and how we approach discovery. Excited to see where it leads!
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🧵 New paper: RL for discovering and controlling self-organizing phenomena. We introduce CARL, a closed-loop agent that learns to create self-organizing patterns in Lenia, steer their behavior, and let humans guide them in real time. Project website + interactive demos below ↓
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What we’re witnessing right now in AI for math is a dramatic improvement in objective-driven problem-solving, but it does not speak to non-objective discovery. I have always maintained that objectives are achievable when they are one stepping stone away, which means that they are within reach if their necessary prerequisite stepping stones are already laid. We say as much in Why Greatness Cannot Be Planned. Furthermore, I have identified “the stepping stepping already laid” as every invention and idea ever hatched over the course of human history. That is the frontier of civilization. But a massive challenge for every creative field is to make all the relevant stepping stones actually accessible to its practitioners. How can anyone be aware of all of human knowledge in their field? To the extent they cannot, some dots cannot be connected even if they’re already uncovered. AI advances today have suddenly made the existing stepping stones vastly more accessible. It can see something close to “all” of them, which means it has the possibility of leaping to many more next stepping stones in the chain. Combined with a brute force-ish “try every known stepping stone under the sun”, that’s what we’re seeing in the pursuit of popular objectives. But discovery and innovation are not only about finding the right existing stepping stones to solve your objective because for many problems the stepping stones are not already laid and also do not follow directly from existing stepping stones. If those problems are ever to be solved, they will require open-ended, non-objective search through spaces of ideas that are motivated not by solving a problem as an objective, but by being interesting in their own right. The advances we’re seeing today speak only faintly to that purpose, which is why open-endedness remains firmly at the frontier of AI.
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It was a pleasure to speak on stage with @scott_sage at @crane_vc’s Festival! Link to the recorded video is in the thread below 👇
I give two books away more than any other - The Lion Tracker's Guide to Life by Boyd Varty - Why Greatness Cannot be Planned by @kenneth0stanley Both changed how I think about curiosity, which projects to pursue, not forcing outcomes...Relevant for building, investing, parenting... It was an extreme privilege sitting down w Ken at Festival. Hope you enjoy the beautiful conversation and his wonderful insights. Thank you Ken!!👇
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A good explanation of why open-endedness as a research direction within AI remains fertile ground for progress, even for AI in math, where the machines seem now to be racing ahead of humans.
friends are regularly surprised when i say i don’t think math is (yet) “solved,” so in the wake of the ns result i figured i’d explain this take a bit more widely. first, this is massively impressive and clearly an example of AI being, in some respects, far more powerful than the human mind. the team deserves huge praise for attempting and succeeding at this. i’d love to read a technical report on the project (one can always hope :) but second, here again we ended up with a counterexample rather than a full proof: option C won the NS problem by proving the conjecture false (which was one valid way to solve the problem for sure) notice a pattern in many of the recent frontier results in ai for math? a striking number involve counterexamples or finding a needle in a haystack. now don’t get me wrong: this is extraordinarily hard and commendable. but it is only one aspect of mathematicians’ work. Math is also about: - finding deep, general mathematical understanding and explanations within proofs - revisiting proven results to find more « elegant » proofs - proposing new conjectures and hypotheses that might open « fruitful » directions - taking the leap of faith of proposing entirely new, « exciting » research programs that may take decades to bear fruit you may say these are simply further increments on the same intelligence scale, and perhaps point 2 above is already within the reach of current models. possibly but you could also see this string of results as an extraordinarily powerful, massively parallel extension of search: explore the haystack, find the needle i.e. the counterexample that breaks the conjecture. that would already be remarkable. but it would still leave open whether models understand the words I emphasized above: « elegant », « fruitful », « exciting ». as tristan put it in his brief report: “the first llm generated proof levent sent me was the most horrendous i have ever read.” despite their formidable technical abilities, models still seem to lack something mathematicians rely on constantly: a type of mathematical taste. the ability to distinguish a beautiful argument from a merely valid one, a fertile idea from a sterile one. i’d be very curious to ask gpt or claude what they think of the result they just proved. do they find it elegant? if they ignore all the human noise about it on the web and history of math, do they appreciate the result and the path to it more than other proofs? my suspicion is that, outside of the human knowledge that this is an important millennium prize problem, it may not 100% register it as fundamentally different from thousands of other proofs. or, more intriguingly, perhaps the beauty they find in mathematics is actually alien to our own sense of mathematical beauty, some « horrendous » proof to us might be deeply satisfying to them… all this to say that we might have significant progress to make in ai for math before declaring the field “solved,” (as too many are posting). in the meantime, ai will be an extraordinary collaborator for mathematicians. i just hope access to these tools be as widely shared as possible (so that you don’t need a Leven or Sebastien working in a big lab to help you), and that companies stop using mathematics primarily as a demonstration of prowess in their private race.
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Big news! I'm leaving New York! ...but what on earth? Why? Where am I going?
Proud to be working with @BenKompa at @LilaSciences , a well deserved honor!
honored to be named to @techreview 's Innovators under 35 list! the article below highlights the work we're doing @LilaSciences to build scientific superintelligence with @GVMaltzahn , @AndrewLBeam and an amazing team of too many folks to mention we are working on scaled verification of AI hypotheses in the real world and are going full stack from post-training language models to running automated labs
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"One remaining area of important capability we haven't seen demonstrated yet by any model is open-ended invention and discovery." Benchmarks keep going up. Open-endedness keeps moving up in importance.
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GPT-6 Astra is the new SOTA on ARC-AGI-3 It's a qualitatively large leap towards AGI and the pace of progress is frankly surprising. That said, we lack evidence to call this AGI yet. While we are still studying the human capability gaps, we believe open-ended invention is unsolved, and this will form the new basis for ARC-AGI-4. Reminder that ARC v3 tests whether models can figure out how to efficiently make sense of unfamiliar environments and operate autonomously toward goals within them. Summary: properly equipped Astra can now do this. Astra direct model scored 66% at ~$500/game. Up from Sol 8%. This is apples-to-apples with all other ARC v3 scores we've verified to date. This score gives the best look at the general intelligence of base Astra. Using an OpenAI-specific adapter (which is open source) we verified the first ~100% at $300/game. If you're using Astra via API I would prioritize migrating to /conversations endpoint with compaction enabled. Direct model testing continues to carry important scientific interest towards AGI. But provider adapters are a better estimate of what you should expect day-to-day when using these models inside of products. The action efficiency of Astra is also pretty incredible. With the provider adapter, Astra used 50% fewer actions on average than our human baseline (who both score 100%). A surprise for us is that across all models, action efficiency on v3 is very bi-modal. Models either get the game or not. Weaker agent models aren't able to "brute force" their way to an inefficient understanding. Tactically, our results support always using Astra's higher reasoning tiers when deploying agents into environments. It not only makes Astra better but is cheaper too (as a result of needing less turns). The key technique Astra seems to leverage is on-the-fly symbolic world modeling. It develops a custom algebra and notation for the environment through interaction and uses this understanding to plan (all in token space). This approach is similar to earlier harnesses we saw which created symbolic models through side-car executable programs to model the environment and plan. Based on Astra results I now see clear paths to recursive self improvement via horizontal data scaling and continual learning where the learned state is information stored and managed outside of the model weights (text, programs, databases, etc). I expect more and more "learning" to happen outside the model weights and this will be of growing interest to both researcher and AI product builders. One remaining area of important capability we haven't seen demonstrated yet by any model is open-ended invention and discovery. Humans clearly posses this capability and we've so far seen zero evidence that frontier AI -- even as powerful as Astra -- is capable of this feat. Consider AI research 10 years ago vs today. Humans invented so much: transformer, self-supervised LLM pretraining, diffusion, RLHF, test time adaptation, ... Society needs AI systems that not only can autonomously operate towards defined goals. We need AI systems help craft great futures that are inherently undefined. I believe we in at a very tenuous spot. We now have extremely powerful automation system that capable of causing a lot of disruption. Without the counterbalancing force of demonstrated invention by AI, I fear society will turn more and more against open frontier AI research and development -- trapping us in a very bad middle ground. We must move as swiftly and with focus towards this important AI capability. And this has become the primary focus of our work on ARC-AGI.
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What if a cancer therapy could go from idea to breakthrough result in 6 months instead of years? That's what our AI platform just helped make possible.